Drivers Created By Y.k Input Devices

Read size bytes from the audio input and return them as a Python string. Unlike most Unix device drivers, OSS audio devices in blocking mode (the default) will block read until the entire requested amount of data is available. Ossaudiodevice.write (data) ¶ Write a bytes-like object data to the audio device and return the number of bytes. Our definition is this: a device driver is a piece of software that allows your operating system to start, use and control a hardware device. In other words, drivers are the translators that enable your operating system to ask the hardware devices inside your computer (or connected to it) to do what you want.

The devices which are used to input the data and the programs in the computer are known as “Input Devices“. or Input device can read data and convert them to a form that a computer can use. Output Device can produce the final product of machine processing into a form usable by humans. It provides man to machine communication. Some of the I/O devices are explained below:

(1) Keyboard : Keyboard is used in the input phase of a computer-based information system. Keyboard is most common input device is used today. The data and instructions are input by typing on the keyboard. The message typed on the keyboard reaches the memory unit of a computer. It’s connected to a computer via a cable. Apart from alphabet and numeral keys, it has other function keys for performing different functions.

(2) Mouse : It’s a pointing device. The mouse is rolled over the mouse pad, which in turn controls the movement of the cursor in the screen. We can click, double click or drag the mouse. Most of the mouse’s have a ball beneath them, which rotates when the mouse in moved. The ball has 2 wheels of the sides, which in turn mousse with the movement of the ball. The sensor notifies the speed of its movements to the computer, which in turn moves the cursor/pointer on the screen.

(3) Scanner : Scanners are used to enter information directly in to the computers memory. This device works like a Xerox machine. The scanner converts any type of printed or written information including photographs into digital pulses, which can be manipulated by the computer.

(4) Track Ball : Track ball is similar to the upside- down design of the mouse. The user moves the ball directly, while the device itself remains stationary. The user spins the ball in various directions to effect the screen movements.

(5) Light Pen : This is an input device which is used to draw lines or figures on a computer screen. It’s touched to the CRT screen where it can detect raster on the screen as it passes.

(6) Optical Character Rader : It’s a device which detects alpha numeric characters printed or written on a paper. The text which is to be scanned is illuminated by a low frequency light source. The light is absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the bright areas. The reflected light is received by the photocells.

(7) Bar Code Reader : This device reads bar codes and coverts them into electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but data coded in form of light and dark bars.

(8) Voice Input Systems : This devices converts spoken words to M/C language form. A micro phone is used to convert human speech into electric signals. The signal pattern is then transmitted to a computer when it’s compared to a dictionary of patterns that have been previously placed in a storage unit of computer. When a close match is found, the word is recognized.

(9) Plotter : Plotter is an O/P device that is used to produce graphical O/P on papers. It uses single color or multi color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc.

(10) Digital Camera : It converts graphics directly into digital form. It looks like an ordinary camera, but no film is used therein, instead a CCD (changed coupled Divide) Electronic chip in used. When light falls, on the chip though the lens, it converts light waves into electrical waves.

Released:

Pythonic interface to FTDI devices using libftdi

Project description

pylibftdi is a minimal Pythonic interface to FTDI devices using libftdi.

Usage

The primary interface is the Device class in the pylibftdi package; thisgives serial access on relevant FTDI devices (e.g. the UM232R), providing afile-like interface (read, write). Baudrate is controlled with the baudrateproperty.

If a Device instance is created with mode='t' (text mode) then read() andwrite() can use the given encoding (defaulting to latin-1). This doesn’tmake a lot of difference on Python 2 (and can be omitted), but allows easierintegration with passing unicode strings between devices in Python 3.

Multiple devices are supported by passing the desired device serial number (asa string) in the device_id parameter - this is the first parameter in bothDevice() and BitBangDevice() constructors. Alternatively the device ‘description’can be given, and an attempt will be made to match this if matching by serialnumber fails.

Examples

The pylibftdi.BitBangDevice wrapper provides access to the parallel IO mode ofoperation through the port and direction properties. These provide an8 bit IO port including all the relevant bit operations to make things simple.

There is support for a number of external devices and protocols, includinginterfacing with HD44780 LCDs using the 4-bit interface.

History & Motivation

This package is the result of various bits of work using FTDI’sdevices, primarily for controlling external devices. Some of thisis documented on the codedstructure blog, codedstructure.blogspot.com

Several other open-source Python FTDI wrappers exist, and each may bebest for some projects. Some aim at closely wrapping the libftdi interface,others use FTDI’s own D2XX driver (ftd2xx) or talk directly to USB vialibusb or similar (such as pyftdi).

The aim for pylibftdi is to work with libftdi, but to providea high-level Pythonic interface. Various wrappers and utilityfunctions are also part of the distribution; following Python’sbatteries included approach, there are various interesting devicessupported out-of-the-box - or at least there will be soon!

Plans

• Add more examples: SPI devices, knight-rider effects, input devices, MIDI…
• Perhaps add support for D2XX driver, though the name then becomes aslight liability ;)

License

Copyright (c) 2010-2020 Ben Bass <benbass@codedstructure.net>

pylibftdi is released under the MIT licence; see the file “LICENSE.txt”for information.

All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respectiveholders.libFTDI itself is developed by Intra2net AG. No association withIntra2net is claimed or implied, but I have found their libraryhelpful and had fun with it…

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